Prethodno sam se upustio u rekonstruiranje Knina prije turskog razaranja, ovoga puta ću to napraviti za stari hrvatski grad koji je još puno prije doživio udes. Grad se nalazi na predivnoj primorskoj lokaciji u neposrednoj blizini Zadra, te znamenitog jezera Vrana, gdje se nalazi i istoimeno mjesto i ranosrednjovjekovni samostan kojeg je već Dmitar Zvonimir poklonio Svetoj Stolici. Već u ranom srednjem vijeku, tokom narodne dinastije, zamjećujemo intenzivnu graditeljsku djelatnost i značaj koji grad čine posebno zanimljivim za proučavanje srednjovjekovnog urbanizma i graditeljstva.
Kratka povijest
Biograd na Moru spominje se po prvi put sredinom 10. stoljeća u spisu “De Administrando Imperio” (O Upravljanju Carstvom) kao centar Sidraške županije unutar Hrvatske. Pretpostavlja se da je u 9. stoljeću izgrađena trobrodna bazilika na osnovi prethodne ranokršćanske crkvice iz 6. stoljeća.
Oko 1000. godine kratkotrajno je potpao pod mletačku vlast kao rezultat rata između Venecije i Hrvatske. Tom je prilikom spomenut kao utvrda, te je građanstvo prisegnulo vjernost duždu.
Sredinom stoljeća spominje se po prvi put biogradski biskup, a tada grad doživljava svoj procvat. Kralj Petar Krešimir IV. osniva samostane Svetog Ivana i Svetog Tome, a postojeća, sad katedralna, građevina doživljava proširenje dodavanjem zvonika i pobočnih zidova. Spominje se po prvi put biogradski prior, to jest, načelnik grada po uzoru na dalmatinske komune.
Krajem 11. stoljeća biva okupiran od strane vojske ugarskog kralja Kolomana, te je ondje dočekana Felicija kao buduća zaručnica istoga kralja. Time je grad obilježen i kao značajna luka. U Biogradu na Moru je, naposljetku, 1102. krunjen Koloman za kralja Dalmacije i Hrvatske. Tom se prilikom grad spominje kao “kraljevski grad” (urbe regia) i proširenim imenom “Biograd na Moru” (Belgradum supra mare). 1115. grad osvajaju Mlečani, te mu ruše zidine prema moru kako bi “za sva vremena ostao u vlasti republike”. Ponovo se vraća pod vlast kralja Stjepana II. 1124. godine, te se godinu kasnije odupire nastojanjima mletačkog dužda i time ga Mlečani odluče uništiti u potpunosti.
Parcijalna rekonstrukcija
Na poluotoku nalazile su se do 1125. godine tri trobrodne bazilike; muški benediktinski samostan Svetog Ivana Evanđeliste, ženski benediktinski samostan Svetog Tome Apostola, te biogradska prvostolnica. Samostane je utemeljio 1059. i 1069. kralj Petar Krešimir IV. Najveća od njih bila je katedrala veličine 32×18 metara, nakon nje muški samostan sa 29×14 metara, a najmanji Sv. Tome. Katedrala se nalazila pokraj današnje crkve Svete Anastazije, nedaleko od nje bio je Samostan Svetog Tome kojeg danas presijeca put prema biogradskoj marini. Sve tri građevine su iskopavane u arheološkim nalazima na prijelazu 19. i 20. stoljeća, a u tome posebno mjesto zaslužuju arheolozi Danac Ejnar Dyggve i naš Frane Bulić.
Za samostan Svetog Ivana se zna da je za vrijeme kralja Dmitra Zvonimira nadograđen povisivanjem krova o trošku Streze, Zvonimirova ujka.
Za parcijalnu rekonstrukciju umnogome je pomogla knjižica autorice Nikoline Urode “Biogradska katedrala” iz 2005. godine, koju su izdali muzeji u Splitu i Biogradu. U njoj imamo tlocrt katedrale, te njen položaj na poluotoku, kao i rekonstrukciju koja je poslužila kao grafički uzor. Grafički prikaz ruševina Biograda iz 1498. godine od njemačkog putopisca Karla von Grunenberga također je poslužilo za dijelove rekonstrukcije. (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Konrad_von_Gr%C3%BCnenberg_-_Beschreibung_der_Reise_von_Konstanz_nach_Jerusalem_-_Blatt_11r_-_027.jpg)
Za točnu konfiguraciju stambenih građevina preko čitavog grada nemamo detaljnih podataka, kao ni za banske ili kraljevske rezidencije, no imamo prikaz građevine za koju se pretpostavlja da je bila biskupova palača odmah pokraj katedrale. Za samostan Svetog Tome imamo približan položaj, ali bez detaljnih informacija poput tlocrta, dimenzija ili smjera (iako postoji rekonstrukcija kao dio turističkog vodiča kroz današnji grad), pa je prikaz na karti više proizvoljan. (riječ je o građevini koja se nalazi u sredini, između katedrale i muškog samostana)
U neposrednoj blizini samog grada nalazila se ranosrednjovjekovna crkva skromnih dimenzija, pa je i ona unesena u rekonstrukciju (u gornjem, desnom kutu)
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